Careful, they might hear you
By DUNCAN CAMPBELL
Australia has become the first country openly to admit that it takes
part in a global electronic surveillance system that intercepts the
private and commercial international communications of citizens and
companies from its own and other countries. The disclosure is made
today in Channel 9's Sunday program by Martin Brady, director of the
Defence Signals Directorate in Canberra.
Mr Brady's decision to break ranks and officially admit the existence
of a hitherto unacknowledged spying organisation called UKUSA is likely
to irritate his British and American counterparts, who have spent the
past 50 years trying to prevent their own citizens from learning anything
about them or their business of ``signals intelligence'' - ``sigint''
for short.
In his letter to Channel 9 published today, Mr Brady states that the
Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) ``does cooperate with counterpart signals
intelligence organisations overseas under the UKUSA relationship".
In other statements which have now been made publicly available on the
Internet (www.dsd.gov.au), he also says that DSD's purpose ``is to
support Australian Government decision-makers and the Australian
Defence Force with high-quality foreign signals intelligence products
and services. DSD (provides) important information that is not available
from open sources".
Together with the giant American National Security Agency (NSA) and its
Canadian, British, and New Zealand counterparts, DSD operates a network
of giant, highly automated tracking stations that illicitly pick up
commercial satellite communications and examine every fax, telex, e-mail,
phone call, or computer data message that the satellites carry.
The five signals intelligence agencies form the UKUSA pact. They are
bound together by a secret agreement signed in 1947 or 1948. Although its
precise terms have never been revealed, the UKUSA agreement provides for
sharing facilities, staff, methods, tasks and product between the
participating governments.
Now, due to a fast-growing UKUSA system called Echelon, millions of
messages are automatically intercepted every hour, and checked according
to criteria supplied by intelligence agencies and governments in all five
UKUSA countries. The intercepted signals are passed through a computer
system called the Dictionary, which checks each new message or call against
thousands of ``collection'' requirements. The Dictionaries then send the
messages into the spy agencies' equivalent of the Internet, making them
accessible all over the world.
Australia's main contribution to this system is an ultra-modern
intelligence base at Kojarena, near Geraldton in Western Australia. The
station was built in the early 1990s. At Kojarena, four satellite tracking
dishes intercept Indian and Pacific Ocean communications satellites. The
exact target of each dish is concealed by placing them inside golfball-like
``radomes''.
About 80 per cent of the messages intercepted at Kojarena are sent
automatically from its Dictionary computer to the CIA or the NSA,
without ever being seen or read in Australia. Although it is under
Australian command, the station - like its controversial counterpart at
Pine Gap - employs American and British staff in key posts.
Among the ``collection requirements" that the Kojarena Dictionary is
told to look for are North Korean economic, diplomatic and military
messages and data, Japanese trade ministry plans, and Pakistani developments
in nuclear weapons technology and testing. In return, Australia can ask for
information collected at other Echelon stations to be sent to Canberra.
A second and larger, although not so technologically sophisticated DSD
satellite station, has been built at Shoal Bay, Northern Territory. At
Shoal Bay, nine satellite tracking dishes are locked into regional
communications satellites, including systems covering Indonesia and
south-west Asia.
International and governmental concern about the UKUSA Echelon system has
grown dramatically since 1996, when New Zealand writer Nicky Hager
revealed intimate details of how it operated. New Zealand runs an Echelon
satellite interception site at Waihopai, near Blenheim, South Island.
Codenamed ``Flintlock", the Waihopai station is half the size of Kojarena
and its sister NSA base at Yakima, Washington, which also covers Pacific
rim states. Waihopai's task is to monitor two Pacific communications
satellites, and intercept all communications from and between the South
Pacific islands.
Like other Echelon stations, the Waihopai installation is protected by
electrified fences, intruder detectors and infra-red cameras. A year
after publishing his book, Hager and New Zealand TV reporter John Campbell
mounted a daring raid on Waihopai, carrying a TV camera and a stepladder.
From open, high windows, they then filmed into and inside its operations
centre.
They were astonished to see that it operated completely automatically.
Although Australia's DSD does not use the term ``Echelon'', Government
sources have confirmed to Channel 9 that Hager's description of the
system is correct, and that the Australia's Dictionary computer at
Kojarena works in the same way as the one in New Zealand.
Until this year, the US Government has tried to ignore the row over Echelon
by refusing to admit its existence. The Australian disclosures today
make this position untenable. US intelligence writer Dr Jeff Richelson has
also obtained documents under the US Freedom of Information Act, showing
that a US Navy-run satellite receiving station at Sugar Grove, West
Virginia, is an Echelon site, and that it collects intelligence from
civilian satellites.
The station, south-west of Washington, lies in a remote area of the
Shenandoah Mountains. According to the released US documents, the
station's job is ``to maintain and operate an Echelon site''. Other Echelon
stations are at Sabana Seca, Puerto Rico, Leitrim, Canada and at Morwenstow
and London in Britain.
Information is also fed into the Echelon system from taps on the Internet,
and by means of monitoring pods which are placed on undersea cables.
Since 1971, the US has used specially converted nuclear submarines to
attach tapping pods to deep underwater cables around the world.
The Australian Government's decision to be open about the UKUSA pact and
the Echelon spy system has been motivated partly by the need to respond to
the growing international concern about economic intelligence gathering,
and partly by DSD's desire to reassure Australians that its domestic spying
activity is strictly limited and tightly supervised.
According to DSD director Martin Brady, ``to ensure that (our) activities
do not impinge on the privacy of Australians, DSD operates under a
detailed classified directive approved by Cabinet and known as the Rules
on Sigint and Australian Persons".
Compliance with this Cabinet directive is monitored by the inspector-
general of security and intelligence, Mr Bill Blick. He says that
``Australian citizens can complain to my office about the actions of DSD.
And if they do so then I have the right to conduct an inquiry."
But the Cabinet has ruled that Australians' international calls, faxes
or e-mails can be monitored by NSA or DSD in specified circumstances.
These include ``the commission of a serious criminal offence; a threat
to the life or safety of an Australian; or where an Australian is acting
as the agent of a foreign power". Mr Brady says that he must be given
specific approval in every case. But deliberate interception of domestic
calls in Australia should be left to the police or ASIO.
Mr Brady claims that other UKUSA nations have to follow Australia's lead,
and not record their communications unless Australia has decided that
this is required. ``Both DSD and its counterparts operate internal
procedures to satisfy themselves that their national interests and policies
are respected by the others," he says.
So if NSA happens to intercept a message from an Australian citizen or
company whom DSD has decided to leave alone, they are supposed to strike
out the name and insert ``Australian national'' or ``Australian
corporation'' instead. Or they must destroy the intercept.
That's the theory, but specialists differ. According to Mr Hager, junior
members of UKUSA just can't say ``no''. ``... When you're a junior ally
like Australia or New Zealand, you never refuse what they ask for.''
There are also worries about what allies might get up to with information
that Australia gives them. When Britain was trying to see through its
highly controversial deal to sell Hawk fighters and other arms to
Indonesia, staff at the Office of National Assessments feared that the
British would pass DSD intelligence on East Timor to President Soeharto
in order to win the lucrative contract.
The Australian Government does not deny that DSD and its UKUSA partners
are told to collect economic and commercial intelligence. Australia, like
the US, thinks this is especially justified if other countries or their
exporters are perceived to be behaving unfairly. Britain recognises no
restraint on economic intelligence gathering. Neither does France.
According to the former Canadian agent Mike Frost, it would be ``nave"
for Australians to think that the Americans were not exploiting stations
like Kojarena for economic intelligence purposes. ``They have been doing
it for years," he says. ``Now that the Cold War is over, the focus is
towards economic intelligence. Never ever over-exaggerate the power that
these organisations have to abuse a system such as Echelon. Don't think
it can't happen in Australia. It does.''
Copyright (c) David Syme & Co 1999
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