AUGUST 17, 2006 | They can pose as copier repairmen, IT consultants,
or fire marshals. They can steal a passcard, pick the lock, or simply
walk in with a group of employees. They can borrow a password written
on a Post-It, make a copy of a key, or simply plug into a network
jack in an empty conference room.
They have two things in common: They've been on your network, and you
probably never knew it.
"Analog hackers," sometimes called "physical hackers" or "social
engineers," are among the industry's most subtly dangerous, yet least
known, threats to IT security. At least, we think they are: Despite
extensive research, we were unable to find any definitive industry
research that shows the extent of the threat, or how fast it might be
growing.
"There's a whole community built around it, yet you hardly ever see
any real discussion about it anywhere," says Leonard Gallion, a
physical security consultant, who also serves as IT manager for a
Dallas-based nonprofit organization. "I'm not sure there is any data
about it."
That's one of the reasons why physical hacking is so attractive to
attackers -- it's potentially highly lucrative, yet frequently
overlooked, says Steve Stasiukonis, vice president and founder of
Secure Network Technologies, a penetration testing firm that
specializes in social engineering and physical security.
"There are three kinds of hackers: the electronic kind that creates
problems on the network, usually from another country; the script
kiddie, who's just doing it for fun; and the white-collar criminal,"
says Stasiukonis. "If I was going to make a life as a white-collar
criminal, I wouldn't do it electronically. I'd walk in the front door
or the back door. It's easier, the money's better, and there's no
firewall log to trace you back to." (See Social Engineering, the
Shoppers' Way.)
Unlike house burglars, who prefer to work when no one is home,
physical hackers usually operate in the middle of the day, taking
advantage of slipshod door locks and gullible employees. "We had one
job recently where we posed as IT consultants, and one of the
staffers actually gave us her username and password, then helped us
navigate the system so we could find what we were looking for,"
Stasiukonis says.
Physical attackers often use social engineering techniques such as
impersonation to gain entry into a site, noted Jim Stickley, CTO at
penetration testing company TraceSecurity, in a recent conference
presentation. Typically, the attackers will work in pairs: one to
keep employees engaged and one who finds excuses to wander around the
building unescorted, he said.
Some of the common disguises used by physical attackers are IT
consultants or technicians; copier, air conditioning, or other repair
services; exterminators; or even fire marshals on a supposed safety
check, Stickley said.
Gallion, who specializes in doors, locks, and physical entry systems,
says that once they're inside, analog hackers can often find their
way through locked server room doors, even if those doors are
protected by an electronic smart card or token.
"A lockpick doesn't know whether there's an electronic ID system or
not," Gallion says. "If the lock is poor, or there is a way to block
the door open, you can sometimes get in with just a few office
supplies or a credit card." Many companies buy expensive doors and
locks but fail to recognize badly-hung doors or access panels in the
floors or ceilings that allow attackers to go right over them, he
says.
In his presentation, Stickley said that he has found a wealth of
sensitive information, including user identities and passwords, by
simply dumpster-diving on unshredded company trash. "Shred, shred,
shred," he said.
Once inside a corporate building, attackers can usually collect more
data or do greater damage than they could via electronic means,
experts say. A visit to the data center, for example, could yield non-
encrypted backup tapes that contain a whole host of information that
might not be available online, Gallion observes. And, if they use
lockpicks or other non-damaging methods of entry, an analog hacker
might get in and out of a physical location without anyone knowing
that a break-in had occurred, he says.
Stasiukonis agrees. "I think one reason you don't hear about it more
is that [physical hackers] don't leave a trail, if they do it right,"
he says. "It happens to some companies and they never find out about
it."
So what can companies do about it? There are some technological
solutions to the physical hacking problem, such as better doors,
surveillance cameras, and alarm systems, Gallion observes. "A lot of
analog hackers will be deterred if they know there's video
surveillance on the other side of the door," he says. "It's just like
in the world of electronic hacking: You can't just put up a firewall
and forget it. You need multiple systems if you want to ensure
security." (See Separate Physical, Electronic Security.)
But in the end, it is employee training that works best, Stasiukonis
says. "Fixing machines is easy," he says. "Fixing people is hard."
Employees should be trained to watch for visitors who behave
suspiciously and challenge strangers whom they have not seen before.
"Physical security has to be a collective effort, or it won't work,"
Stasiukonis says. "You can't leave it up to half a dozen guys in IT."
